Surface architectured metal organic frameworks-based biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of uric acid: Recent advancement and future perspectives

Gout is the world's most popular inflammatory arthritis and the prevalence of gout is rapidly rising worldwide. Typically, gout develops in a single joint as excessive swelling and intense pain wherein excessive deposition of uric acid (UA) crystals results in inflammation of the joint. Accordingly, UA is considered an effective biomarker to diagnose gout. Recently, the use of innovative sensors has attracted great attention, as it is effortless, responsive, quick, and powerful. While the traditional sensors for UA assessment are widely used, they pose many limitations and hurdles in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and simplicity. In this vein, metal ions and organic ligand-based metal–organic framework (MOF) have gained much attention for the recognition of UA due to its larger surface area, porosity, high sensitivity, and defined selectivity. In this review, we provide details on the latest developments of MOF-centered biosensors for sensitive detection of UA. The status of gout, fundamentals of MOF, and MOF availed for detection of UA have been elaborated. Besides, we highlighted the nanoparticles and conjugates that rely on advanced strategies along with MOF that boost the sensitivity and selectivity towards the UA. Interestingly, different surface architectured MOFs biosensors showed a lower detection limit for UA from μM to nM. Finally, the threats and potential opportunities for MOF-based UA biosensors have been summarized. Therefore, based on ongoing research, the commercialization of this advanced platform for the biosensing of diverse biomarkers will open a new door for the in vitro diagnosis of assorted diseases.