Non-laser and all-vapor-phase processed perovskite solar modules stabilized by naturally formed barrier layers

In perovskite solar modules (PSMs) patterned by laser scribing, perovskite and electrode materials directly contact at the scribed edges, resulting in rapid decomposition due to the interdiffusion of atoms at the contact. We develop a non-laser additive method for manufacturing PSMs, in which an adjustable wire mask (AWM) was used to form the channels that were traditionally scribed by lasers. All layers, including perovskites, hole/electron transporting, and passivating and electrode layers, were fabricated via vapor-phase deposition, and by tuning the precursor composition, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.7% was obtained (0.1 cm2). Interestingly, a geometrical fill factor (GFF) of 98% was achieved via the method, even higher than most laser-processed PSMs, and thanks to the naturally formed barrier layers, the module (PCE of 18.4% and effective area of 12 cm2) showed good stability, retaining 90% of its efficiency after 500 h. This report has important implications on manufacturing stable PSMs.