The Guanine Nucleotide-Binding Switch in Three Dimensions

Guanine nucleotide–binding proteins regulate a variety of processes, including sensual perception, protein synthesis, various transport processes, and cell growth and differentiation. They act as molecular switches and timers that cycle between inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)–bound and active guanosine triphosphate (GTP)–bound states. Recent structural studies show that the switch apparatus itself is a conserved fundamental module but that its regulators and effectors are quite diverse in their structures and modes of interaction. Here we will try to define some underlying principles.