Semaphorin3A Exacerbates Cardiac Microvascular Rarefaction in Pressure Overload‐Induced Heart Disease

Microvascular endothelial cells (MiVECs) impair angiogenic potential, leading to microvascular rarefaction, which is a characteristic feature of chronic pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction. Semaphorin3A (Sema3A) is a secreted protein upregulated in MiVECs following angiotensin II (Ang II) activation and pressure overload stimuli. However, its role and mechanism in microvascular rarefaction remain elusive. The function and mechanism of action of Sema3A in pressure overload-induced microvascular rarefaction, is explored, through an Ang II-induced animal model of pressure overload. RNA sequencing, immunoblotting analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and immunofluorescence staining results indicate that Sema3A is predominantly expressed and significantly upregulated in MiVECs under pressure overload. Immunoelectron microscopy and nano-flow cytometry analyses indicate small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), with surface-attached Sema3A, to be a novel tool for efficient release and delivery of Sema3A from the MiVECs to extracellular microenvironment. To investigate pressure overload-mediated cardiac microvascular rarefaction and cardiac fibrosis in vivo, endothelial-specific Sema3A knockdown mice are established. Mechanistically, serum response factor (transcription factor) promotes the production of Sema3A; Sema3A-positive sEVs compete with vascular endothelial growth factor A to bind to neuropilin-1. Therefore, MiVECs lose their ability to respond to angiogenesis. In conclusion, Sema3A is a key pathogenic mediator that impairs the angiogenic potential of MiVECs, which leads to cardiac microvascular rarefaction in pressure overload-induced heart disease.