Role of STAT3‐FOXO3 Signaling in the Modulation of Neuroplasticity by PD‐L1‐HGF‐Decorated Mesenchymal Stem Cell‐Derived Exosomes in a Murine Stroke Model

The limited therapeutic strategies available for stroke leave many patients disabled for life. This study assessed the potential of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-engineered mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (EXO-PD-L1-HGF) in enhancing neurological recovery post-stroke. EXO-PD-L1-HGF, which efficiently endocytosed into target cells, significantly diminishes the H