[Technical guidelines for seasonal influenza vaccination in China (2023-2024)].

Influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease that is caused by the influenza virus, which seriously affects human health. The influenza virus has frequent antigenic drifts that can facilitate escape from pre-existing population immunity and lead to the rapid spread and annual seasonal epidemics. Influenza outbreaks occur in crowded settings, such as schools, kindergartens, and nursing homes. Seasonal influenza epidemics can cause 3-5 million severe cases and 290 000-650 000 respiratory disease-related deaths worldwide every year. Pregnant women, infants, adults aged 60 years and older, and individuals with comorbidities or underlying medical conditions are at the highest risk of severe illness and death from influenza. China has experienced a influenza epidemic season dominated by A (H1N1) pdm09 subtype from mid-February to the end of April 2023, and the intensity was slightly higher than the epidemic year before the COVID-19. We may face the risk of interaction or co-circulation of respiratory infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and influenza during the coming season. Annual influenza vaccination is an effective way to prevent influenza, reduce influenza-related severe illness and death, and reduce the harm caused by influenza-related diseases and the use of medical resources. The currently approved influenza vaccines in China include trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3), quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4), and trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV3). IIV3 and IIV4 are produced as a split virus vaccine and subunit vaccine; LAIV3 is a live, attenuated virus vaccine. The influenza vaccine is a non-immunization program vaccine, which means that residents are voluntarily vaccinated. China CDC has issued "Technical guidelines for seasonal influenza vaccination in China" every year from 2018 to 2022. Over the past year, new research evidence has been published at home and abroad, and new influenza vaccines have been approved for marketing in China. To better guide the prevention and control of influenza and vaccination in China, the National Immunization Advisory Committee (NIAC) Technical Working Group (TWG), Influenza Vaccination TWG updated and revised the 2022-2023 technical guidelines with the latest research progress into the "Technical guidelines for seasonal influenza vaccination in China (2023-2024)." The new version has updated five key areas: (1) new research evidence－especially research conducted in China-has been added, including new estimates of the burden of influenza disease, assessments of influenza vaccine effectiveness and safety, and analyses of the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination; (2) policies and measures for influenza prevention and control were issued by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China and National Disease Control and Prevention Administrationy over the past year; (3) influenza vaccines approved for marketing in China this year; (4) composition of trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccines for the 2023-2024 northern hemisphere influenza season; and (5) recommendations for influenza vaccination during the 2023-2024 influenza season. The 2023-2024 guidelines recommend that all people aged 6 months and above who have no contraindications should get the influenza vaccination. For adults aged ≥18 years, co-administration of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccines in separate arms is acceptable regarding immunogenicity and reactogenicity. For people under 18 years of age, there should be at least 14 days between influenza vaccination and COVID-19 vaccination. The guidelines express no preference for influenza vaccine type or manufacturer-any approved, age-appropriate influenza vaccines can be used. Combining the influenza epidemic tendency and the prevention and control strategy of multiple diseases, the technical guidelines recommend priority vaccination of the following high-risk groups during the upcoming 2023-2024 influenza season to minimize harm from influenza: (1) healthcare workers, including clinical doctors and nurses, public health professionals, and quarantine professionals; (2) adults ≥60 years of age; (3) individuals with comorbidities; (4) people living in nursing homes or welfare homes and staff who take care of vulnerable, at-risk individuals; (5) pregnant women; (6) children 6-59 months of age; (7) family members and caregivers of infants under 6 months of age; and (8) people who work in nursery institutions, primary and secondary schools, and supervision places. Children 6 months to 8 years of age who receive inactivated influenza vaccine for the first time should receive two doses, with an inter-dose interval of 4 or more weeks. Children who previously received the influenza vaccine and anyone aged 9 years or older need only one dose. LAIV is recommended only for a single dose regardless of the previous influenza vaccination. Vaccination should begin as soon as influenza vaccines become available, and preferably should be completed before the onset of the local influenza season. Repeated influenza vaccination during a single influenza season is not recommended. Vaccination clinics should provide immunization services throughout the epidemic season. Pregnant women can receive inactivated influenza vaccine at any stage of pregnancy. These guidelines are intended for use by staff of CDCs, healthcare workers, maternity and child care institutions and immunization clinic staff members who work on influenza control and prevention. The guidelines will be updated periodically as new evidence becomes available.流感是由流感病毒引起的一种急性呼吸道传染病，严重危害人群健康。流感病毒抗原性易变，传播迅速，每年可引起季节性流行，在学校、托幼机构和养老院等人群聚集的场所易发生暴发疫情。每年季节性流感流行在全球可导致300万~500万重症病例，29万~65万呼吸道疾病相关死亡。孕妇、婴幼儿、老年人和慢性基础性疾病患者等高危人群，患流感后出现严重疾病和死亡的风险较高。2023年2月中旬至4月底，我国呈现一波以甲型H1N1亚型为主的流感流行季，强度略高于新冠疫情前的自然流行年份，今冬明春可能会面临新冠、流感等呼吸道传染病交互或共同流行的风险。接种流感疫苗是预防流感、减少流感相关重症和死亡的有效手段，可以减少流感相关疾病带来的危害及对医疗资源的挤兑。我国现已批准上市的流感疫苗有三价灭活流感疫苗（IIV3）、四价灭活流感疫苗（IIV4）和三价减毒活流感疫苗（LAIV3），其中IIV3和IIV4包括裂解疫苗和亚单位疫苗，LAIV3为减毒疫苗。流感疫苗在我国属于非免疫规划类疫苗，居民自愿接种。自2018年起，中国疾病预防控制中心在每年流感流行季之前均更新并印发当年度的《中国流感疫苗预防接种技术指南》。2022年9月以来，新的研究证据在国内外发表，新的流感疫苗在我国上市，为更好地指导我国流感预防控制和疫苗使用工作，国家免疫规划技术工作组流感疫苗工作组收集和整理国内外最新研究进展，在2022年版指南的基础上进行更新和修订，形成了《中国流感疫苗预防接种技术指南（2023-2024）》。本指南更新的内容主要包括：第一，增加了新的研究证据，尤其是我国的研究结果，包括流感疾病负担、疫苗效果、疫苗安全性监测、疫苗预防接种成本效果等；第二，更新了一年来国家卫生健康委员会、国家疾病预防控制局发布的流感防控有关政策和措施；第三，更新了2023-2024年度国内上市使用的流感疫苗种类；第四，更新了本年度三价和四价流感疫苗组分；第五，更新了2023-2024年度的流感疫苗接种建议。本指南建议：所有≥6月龄且无接种禁忌的人都应接种流感疫苗。≥18岁人群可在一次接受免疫服务时，在两侧肢体分别接种灭活流感疫苗和新冠疫苗；<18岁人群，建议流感疫苗与新冠疫苗接种间隔>14 d。对可接种不同类型或不同厂家疫苗产品的人群，可由受种者自愿选择接种任何一种流感疫苗，无优先推荐。结合流感疫情形势和多病共防的防控策略，尽可能降低流感的危害，优先推荐以下重点和高风险人群及时接种：①医务人员，包括临床救治人员、公共卫生人员、卫生检疫人员等；②≥60岁的老年人；③罹患一种或多种慢性病人群；④养老机构、长期护理机构、福利院等人群聚集场所脆弱人群及员工；⑤孕妇；⑥6~59月龄儿童；⑦6月龄以下婴儿的家庭成员和看护人员；⑧托幼机构、中小学校、监管场所等重点场所人群。对于接种灭活流感疫苗，6月龄~8岁儿童首次接种流感疫苗的应接种2剂次，间隔≥4周；2022-2023年度或以前接种过1剂次或以上流感疫苗的儿童，建议接种1剂次；≥9岁儿童和成年人仅需接种1剂次。对于接种减毒活流感疫苗，无论是否接种过流感疫苗，仅接种1剂次。建议各地在疫苗供应到位后尽早开展接种工作，尽量在当地流感流行季前完成接种。同一流行季，已按照接种程序完成全程接种的人员，无需再次接种。孕妇在孕期的任一阶段均可接种灭活流感疫苗。接种单位在整个流行季都可以提供接种服务。本指南适用于各级疾控机构、医疗机构、妇幼保健机构和接种单位等从事流感防治相关工作的专业人员。根据国内外研究进展，本指南今后亦将定期更新、完善。.