Vacuum co-evaporated wide-bandgap perovskite films for highly-efficient indoor photovoltaic cells and modules

The wide-bandgap perovskite films are conductive to deliver high-efficiency indoor photovoltaic devices, due to its easy spectral matching with artificial light sources. But now, the wide-bandgap perovskite films are usually fabricated by spin coating, which is difficult to achieve large-area mass manufacturing and thus limits its application. In this work, combined with substrate modification and component regulation, high-quality wide-bandgap (1.77 eV) perovskite films were fabricated by vacuum deposition. The optimal device achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 30.25% under 1000 lx LED illumination, more than 84% of the initial PCE was maintained after 53 days of aging. Furthermore, the module with an aperture area of 67.08 cm2 achieved the PCE of 13.25% and 9.70% under 1000 lx LED illumination and 1-sun AM1.5 G illumination, respectively.