ATF3 as a response factor to regulate Cd-induced reproductive damage by activating the NRF2/HO-1 ferroptosis pathway

Cadmium (Cd) has garnered significant attention due to reproductive toxicity in inducing ferroptosis. However, the specific mechanisms underlying Cd-induced germ cell ferroptosis remain poorly understood. This study aimed to systematically explore the molecular mechanisms of germ cell ferroptosis by investigating differential changes in transcription factors and proteins in male mice treated orally with CdCl