Evaluation of a ZnCl2-modified biochar derived from activated sludge biomass for adsorption of sulfamethoxazole

生物炭 吸附 比表面积 傅里叶变换红外光谱 X射线光电子能谱 零电荷点 打赌理论 化学 核化学 水溶液 扫描电子显微镜 材料科学 活性炭 化学工程 热解 有机化学 工程类 复合材料 催化作用
作者
Shahab Minaei,Khaled Zoroufchi Benis,Kerry N. McPhedran,Jafar Soltan
出处
期刊:Chemical Engineering Research & Design [Elsevier BV]
卷期号:190: 407-420 被引量:48
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.cherd.2022.12.038
摘要

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was effectively removed from aqueous solution via adsorption to a chemically modified biochar created using a simple and rapid microwave (MW) pyrolysis of activated municipal wastewater sludge. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to maximize SMX adsorption capacity optimizing three independent synthesis parameters including ZnCl2 concentration (0.5–1.5 mol/L), MW time (3–10 min), and MW power (400–1000 W). ZnCl2 modified biochar (ZnBC) synthesized under the optimized conditions (ZnCl2 concentration = 1.5 mol/L, MW time = 8 min, and MW power = 915 W) was analyzed by different characterization techniques including Brunauer Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and point of zero charge (pHpzc). ZnCl2 impregnation coupled with a homogenous MW heating profile led to improved accessibility of surface functional groups with a specific surface area of 214 m2/g and robust porous structure with an average pore volume of 0.127 cm3/g. Adsorption experiments using the optimized ZnBC resulted in a 89% SMX removal efficiency and maximum SMX adsorption capacity of 50.6 mg/g. Isotherm and kinetic analysis suggested multilayer chemical adsorption of SMX over a heterogeneous biochar surface followed by heterogenous pore diffusion into the ZnBC pores. Results showed that acidic pH favors SMX removal through a spontaneous and exothermic process. The application of modified activated sludge-based biochar introduces a new sustainable method for treating pharmaceuticals and recycling waste sludges from wastewater treatment plants.
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