Research advances in bio-inspired superhydrophobic surface: Bridging nature to practical applications

Evolved through millennia of natural selection, biological systems have perfected the integration of structure and function. With modern advances in characterization techniques and materials engineering, there has been a surge of interest in biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces, combining unique structural properties and surface properties to engineer materials with exceptional performance. Through meticulous examination and mimetic replication of distinctive structures found in various natural organisms, engineers have achieved the development of superhydrophobic materials that reflect their specific functionalities, thereby presenting novel solutions to challenges across a spectrum of energy and industrial application domains. The succinct overview of wetting theory pertinent to superhydrophobic surface is briefly introduced in this paper. Besides, selected typical natural organisms are summarized, an in-depth analysis of their multiscale structures and components are offered, especially elucidating the key mechanisms underpinning their distinctive characteristics. Additionally, recent advancements in bio-inspired superhydrophobic surfaces are explored at length, with a focus on self-cleaning, drag reduction, oil–water separation, anti-reflection, and water collection. Lastly, insights into current challenges and future prospects for biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces are provided.