Enzymatic reaction-modulated in-situ formation of nanomaterials and their applications in colorimetric and fluorescent sensing

Currently, enzymatically regulated mineralization of the synthesis of fluorescent and colorimetric nanoparticles (NPs) has been regarded as an efficient and promising strategy in biosensing. In the enzymatical reaction modulated process, the protein or other biomolecules were used as templates to ensure water solubility. A tunable framework was synthesized, featuring a well-defined nanostructure. In situ detection is feasible during the preparation process, owing to the obvious color and fluorescence changes of the prepared NPs. This strategy demonstrated excellent specificity, directness, and catalytic efficiency. The prepared NPs exhibits good stability, excellent biocompatibility, and high water solubility. This review summarizes the development of bio-template synthesized NPs through enzymatic reaction regulation, encompassing metallic nanoparticles, quantum dots (QDs), and nonmetallic nanoparticles. Additionally, recent advancements in their application for bioassays are highlighted. Lastly, the discussion encompasses both the challenges and the prospects within this burgeoning field.