The diversity of fungal population from grape harvest to young wine in Small Carpathian wine region

The study aimed to identify the filamentous fungi and yeast mycobiota found on the surface and in grapes, grape must, and wine obtained from four red grape varieties: Alibernet, Dornfelder, Blue Frankish, Cabernet Sauvignon, and four white grape varieties: Green Veltliner, Rheinriesling, Pinot Blanc, Sauvignon. Grapes from vineyard Vrbové located in southwestern Slovakia were used for the research in 2020. The identification of filamentous fungi was performed using the macroscopic and microscopic observations and yeasts were identified by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometer. A total of 642 isolates were obtained. Grapes were rich in diversity of filamentous fungi (13 genera) and must on yeasts (8 genera). Penicillium, Botrytis, and Hanseniaspora uvarum were identified in both grapes and must. Three of the fungal genera identified by conventional or molecular techniques from the surface of red grape varieties were predominant: Alternaria (26%), Botrytis (21%), and Issatchenkia terricola (13%), two from endogenous mycobiota: Hanseniaspora uvarum (45%) and Botrytis (17%), four from the surface of white grape varieties: Penicillium (25%), Botrytis (21%), Alternaria (16%) and Hanseniaspora uvarum (15%), and three from endogenous mycobiota: Botrytis (44%), Hanseniaspora uvarum (23%) and Alternaria (20%). Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida krusei, C. utilis, and Cryptococcus neoformans were identified only in wine.