Synergy of pulmonary vein isolation and catheter renal denervation in atrial fibrillation complicated with uncontrolled hypertension: Mapping the renal sympathetic nerve and pulmonary vein (the pulmonary vein isolation plus renal denervation strategy)?

Abstract Introduction Disturbance of sympathetic and vagal nervous system participates in the pathogenesis of hypertension and atrial fibrillation (AF). Renal denervation (RDN) can modulate autonomic nervous activity and reduce blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. We aimed to evaluate the effect of RDN combined with pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients with AF and hypertension. Methods Clinical trials including randomized data comparing PVI plus RDN vs PVI alone were enrolled. Primary outcome was incidence of AF recurrence after procedure. Results A total of 387 patients, of them 252 were randomized and were enrolled. Mean age was 57 ± 10 years, 71% were male, and mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 57.4% ± 6.9%. Follow‐up for randomized data was 12 months. Overall comparison for primary outcome showed that PVI + RDN was associated with significantly lower AF recurrence as compared with PVI alone (35.8% vs 55.4%, P < 0.0001). This advantageous effect was consistently maintained among randomized patients (37.3% vs 61.9%, odds ratio = 0.37, P = 0.0001), and among patients with implanted devices for detection of AF recurrence (38.9% vs 61.6%, P = 0.007). Post‐hoc sensitivity and regression analysis demonstrated very good stability of this primary result. Pooled Kaplan‐Meier analysis further showed that PVI + RDN was associated with significantly higher freedom from AF recurrence as compared with PVI alone (log‐rank test, P = 0.001). Besides, RDN resulted in significant BP reduction without additionally increasing the risk of adverse events. Conclusions RDN may provide synergetic effects with PVI to reduce the burden of AF and improve BP control in patients with AF and uncontrolled hypertension.