Inactivation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by antimicrobial photodynamic technology using methylene blue

Abstract BACKGROUND Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading causative pathogen of gastroenteritis often related to contaminated seafood. Photodynamic inactivation has been recently proposed as a strategy for killing cells and viruses. The objective of this study was to verify the bactericidal effects caused by photodynamic inactivation using methylene blue ( MB ) over V. parahaemolyticus via flow cytometry, agarose gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Vibrio parahaemolyticus counts were determined using the most probable number method. A scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope were employed to intuitively analyze internal and external cell structure. RESULTS Combination of MB and laser treatment significantly inhibited the growth of V. parahaemolyticus . The inactivation rate of V. parahaemolyticus was >99.99% and its counts were reduced by 5 log 10 in the presence of 0.05 mg mL −1 MB when illuminated with visible light (power density 200 mW cm −2 ) for 25 min. All inactivated cells showed morphological changes, leakage of cytoplasm and degradation of protein and DNA . CONCLUSION Results from this study indicated that photodynamic technology using MB produced significant inactivation of V. parahaemolyticus mainly brought about by the degradation of protein and DNA . © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry