Grid-friendly peer-to-peer transactive energy market for inhibiting players’ strategic behavior

With the development of distributed renewable energy resources (RERs) in smart cities, the peer-to-peer (P2P) transactive energy market has become an effective way for RER owners to consume the surplus produced power. Nevertheless, the influence of grid usage costs in P2P energy trading has not been considered in prosumers’ strategic behaviors. To solve this issue, we analyze the network usage of P2P energy transactions and model a Nash–Stackelberg game to simulate the trading process of market participants. Firstly, we assume the prosumers can join the P2P energy market and determine their roles freely. The market manager adjusts the grid usage prices to influence the prosumers’ exchanged energy amounts. We then establish a monolithic VCG mechanism to inhibit the prosumers’ strategic behaviors while reducing the computational difficulty of the VCG mechanism. Finally, we develop a best-response (BR)-based algorithm to solve one energy prosumer’s cost minimization subproblem at a time to seek market equilibrium. Since the energy prosumers and market manager interact on the trading amount, the prosumers’ responses are modeled as bi-level mixed-integer nonlinear programming (BLMINLP). We employ the generalized Benders decomposition method to reduce the solution difficulty. Case studies verify the theoretical properties and show the practicability of the proposed algorithms.