A review on various phases and alloy design methods of β-Ti alloys for biomedical applications

The development of biocompatible and biomechanical compatible metallic biomaterials is essential to fulfilling the needs of humanity, such as enhancing the lifespan and quality of human life and relieving pain. Biocompatibility resulting from non-toxic alloying elements and biomechanical compatibility resulting from low elastic modulus are crucial factors influencing the performance and service life of a biomedical implant. β-Ti alloys are the potential choice for biomedical load-bearing applications owing to their low elastic modulus and non-toxic alloying elements. Although the elastic modulus of β-Ti alloys is lesser than that of other metallic biomaterials, it is still greater than that of bone. So, there is a great demand for the synthesis of β-Ti alloys with low elastic modulus. Various phases significantly affect the elastic modulus of β-Ti alloys. Developing low elastic modulus β-Ti alloys through trial-and-error testing leads to more time-consuming and economically not feasible. So, this review article discusses various phases and alloy design methods for synthesising β-Ti alloys with low elastic modulus.