Factorial structure of a short version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale

International Journal of Geriatric PsychiatryVolume 21, Issue 4 p. 333-336 Research Article Factorial structure of a short version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Sheung-Tak Cheng, Corresponding Author Sheung-Tak Cheng [email protected] Department of Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong, Hong KongDepartment of Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.Search for more papers by this authorAlfred C. M. Chan, Alfred C. M. Chan Asia-Pacific Institute of Ageing Studies, Lingnan University, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorHelene H. Fung, Helene H. Fung Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this author Sheung-Tak Cheng, Corresponding Author Sheung-Tak Cheng [email protected] Department of Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong, Hong KongDepartment of Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.Search for more papers by this authorAlfred C. M. Chan, Alfred C. M. Chan Asia-Pacific Institute of Ageing Studies, Lingnan University, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorHelene H. Fung, Helene H. Fung Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 March 2006 https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1467Citations: 60AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Objective To investigate the factor structure of a ten-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10). Method Two hundred and thirty-one Chinese persons aged 60–92 were individually interviewed with the CESD-10. The data were subject to confirmatory factor analysis testing several competing models. The one-factor model hypothesizes that all ten items are loaded on a single factor. In the two-factor model, positive affect items are loaded on one factor, and the remaining items on the other. The three-factor model distinguishes between positive affect, depressed affect, and somatic symptoms. Results The three-factor model was the best fitting model, with a comparative fit index of 0.95 and a standardized root mean square residual of 0.06. Depressed affect and somatic symptoms were highly correlated, and both were moderately correlated with positive affect. Nonetheless, all three factors appeared to tap a common underlying construct of depression—when a higher-order construct of depression was allowed to explain the intercorrelations of the three factors, depressed affect loaded at 0.88, somatic symptoms loaded at 0.92, and positive affect loaded at 0.51, on the higher-order construct. Conclusion The data provided support for the factorial validity of the CESD-10. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. REFERENCES Andresen EM, Malmgren JA, Carter WB, Patrick DL. 1994. Screening for depression in well older adults: evaluation of a short form of the CES-D. Am J Prev Med 10: 77–84. Boey KW. 1999. Cross-validation of a short form of the CES-D in Chinese elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 14: 608–617. Bollen KA. 1989. Structural Equations With Latent Variables. Wiley: New York. Cheng S-T, Chan ACM. 2004. A brief version of the Geriatric Depression Scale for the Chinese. Psychol Assess 16: 182–186. Cheng S-T, Chan ACM. 2005. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in Older Chinese: Thresholds for Long and Short Forms. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 20: 465–470. Cheng S-T. 2004a. Age and subjective well-being revisited: a discrepancy perspective. Psychol Aging 19: 409–415. Cheng S-T. 2004b. Endowment and contrast: the role of positive and negative emotions on well-being appraisal. Pers Individ Dif 37: 905–915. Chiu HFK, Lee HB, Chung WS, Kwong PK. 1994. Reliability and validity of the Cantonese version of Mini-Mental State Examination: a preliminary report. J HK Coll Psychiatr 4 (Suppl. 2): 25–28. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. 1975. ‘Mini-Mental State’: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12: 189–198. Hertzog C, Van Alstine J, Usala PD, Hultsch DF, Dixon R. 1990. Measurement properties of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in older populations. Psychol Assess 1: 64–72. Hu L, Bentler PM. 1998. Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychol Methods 3: 424–453. Hu L, Bentler PM. 1999. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis' conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equation Model 6: 1–55. Knight RG, Williams S, McGee R, Olaman S. 1997. Psychometric properties of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in a sample of women in middle life. Behav Res Ther 35: 373–380. Mackinnon A, McCallum J, Andrews G, Anderson I. 1998. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale in older community samples in Indonesia, North Korea, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 53B: P343–P352. Olsson UF, Foss T, Troye SV, Howell RD. 2000. The performance of ML, GLS, and WLS estimation in structural equation modeling under conditions of misspecification and nonnormality. Struct Equat Model 7: 557–595. Radloff LS. 1977. The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1: 385–401. Schroevers MJ, Sanderman R, Van Sonderen E, Ranchor AV. 2000. The evaluation of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale: depressed and positive affect in cancer patients and healthy reference subjects. Qual Life Res 9: 1015–1029. Shrout D, Yager TJ. 1989. Reliability and validity of screening scales: effect of reducing scale length. J Clin Epidemiol 42: 69–78. Turvey CL, Wallace RB, Herzog R. 1999. A revised CES-D measure of depressive symptoms and a DSM-based measure of major depressive episodes in the elderly. Int Psychogeriatr 11: 139–148. Watson D, Wiese D, Vaidya J, Tellegen A. 1999. The two general activation systems of affect: structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. J Pers Soc Psychol 76: 820–838. Citing Literature Volume21, Issue4April 2006Pages 333-336 ReferencesRelatedInformation