Full‐Scale Osteochondral Regeneration by Sole Graft of Tissue‐Engineered Hyaline Cartilage without Co‐Engraftment of Subchondral Bone Substitute

Abstract In this study, full‐scale osteochondral defects are hypothesized, which penetrate the articular cartilage layer and invade into subchondral bones, and can be fixed by sole graft of tissue‐engineered hyaline cartilage without co‐engraftment of any subchondral bone substitute. It is hypothesized that given a finely regenerated articular cartilage shielding on top, the restoration of subchondral bones can be fulfilled via spontaneous self‐remodeling in situ. Hence, the key challenge of osteochondral regeneration lies in restoration of the non‐self‐regenerative articular cartilage. Here, traumatic osteochondral lesions to be repaired in rabbit knee models are endeavored using novel tissue‐engineered hyaline‐like cartilage grafts that are produced by 3D cultured porcine chondrocytes in vitro. Comparative trials are conducted in animal models that are implanted with living hyaline cartilage grafts (LhCG) and decellularized LhCG (dLhCG). Sound osteochondral regeneration is gradually revealed from both LhCG and dLhCG‐implanted samples 50–100 d after implantation. Quality regeneration in both zones of articular cartilage and subchondral bones are validated by the restored osteochondral composition, structure, phenotype, and mechanical property, which validate the hypothesis of this study.