Association between perioperative allogeneic red blood cell transfusion and infection after clean-contaminated surgery: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract

Background

Allogeneic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion can induce immunosuppression, which can then increase the susceptibility to postoperative infection. However, studies in different types of surgery show conflicting results regarding this effect.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study conducted in a tertiary referral centre, we included adult patients undergoing clean-contaminated surgery from 2014 to 2018. Patients who received allogeneic RBC transfusion from preoperative Day 30 to postoperative Day 30 were included into the transfusion group. The control group was matched for the type of surgery in a 1:1 ratio. The primary outcome was infection within 30 days after surgery, which was defined by healthcare-associated infection, and identified mainly based on antibiotic regimens, microbiology tests, and medical notes.

Results

Among the 8098 included patients, 1525 (18.8%) developed 1904 episodes of postoperative infection. Perioperative RBC transfusion was associated with an increased risk of postoperative infection after controlling for 27 confounders by multivariable regression analysis (odds ratio [OR]: 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.39–1.84; P<0.001) and propensity score weighing (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.45–1.85; P<0.001) and matching (OR: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.43–2.01; P<0.001), and a dose–response relationship was observed. The transfusion group also showed higher risks of surgical site infection, pneumonia, bloodstream infection, multiple infections, intensive care admission, unplanned reoperation, prolonged postoperative length of hospital stay, and all-cause death.

Conclusions

Perioperative allogeneic RBC transfusion is associated with an increased risk of infection after clean-contaminated surgery in a dose–response manner. Close monitoring of infections and enhanced prophylactic strategies should be considered after transfusion.