Comparative reproductive toxicity of phthalate on male and female reproductive potential of rodent when exposure occurs during developmental period

Phthalates are esters of 1, 2-dibenzene dicarboxylic acid, widely used in a variety of commodities such as vinyl flooring, lubricants, and various personal-care products like soaps, shampoos, hair sprays, etc. Phthalates are also used as plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymers, which helps to make the plastics softer and more durable. Because of their widespread use, both adults and children get exposed to them. Given the fact that phthalates are not chemically bonded to the plastic matrix, they can leak out and pollute the environment around the plastic matrix. Number of studies have indicated that phthalate exposure relates to significant health hazards, including developmental and reproductive damage. Phthalates, according to the findings of the current review, are toxic to the reproductive organs of both male and female fetuses and weanlings when they get exposed during the pregnancy. Several studies have shown that organisms in their growth and developmental stages are especially sensitive to the harmful effects of chemicals, which may have a severe influence on the physiology of foetuses and young animals. Moreover, parameters such as age, gender, immunity, and other variables influence the impact of toxicants. When it comes to male reproductive organs, phthalates have mostly been found to have an adverse impact. While in adult females only few research studies have found harmful effects on female reproductive system. Phthalates have been shown to cause reduced fertility, decreased testicular weight, changes in accessory reproductive organs, and a variety of other female reproductive diseases, among other effects. These findings include an examination of mice female and male reproductive potential, as well as the impact of phthalates on their respective reproductive capabilities when exposure occurs during the formative stage of development.