A whale optimization detection (WOD) method for bladder volume estimation with bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS)

Abstract A whale optimization detection (WOD) method is presented for rapid bladder volume estimation with bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS). Firstly, the WOD method for bladder volume estimation is established, which includes a bladder volume estimation electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) model and a rapid fitting strategy. Secondly, an abdominal phantom is constructed, which consists of an abdominal cavity shell and four bladders with volumes of V b = 30 ml, 100 ml, 200 ml, and 300 ml. Next, BIS experiments are conducted using the phantom with the WOD method fitted to the obtained data. The results demonstrated a high linear correlation coefficient R 2 > 0.987 between the experimental and WOD results. Finally, in vivo testing is performed using both the Caresono HD-5 ultrasonic bladder scanner and the proposed WOD method. The EEC parameters obtained by the WOD method form a mathematical formula that accurately describes the subject’s bladder volume, with a detection correlation coefficient r = 98.71%, and the maximum relative error δ = 5.88% between WOD and ultrasound testing results. In conclusion, the proposed method is expected to be applied for rapid monitoring of patients’ bladder volume.