Advances in the evasion of innate immunity by fish viruses: A glance at RLRs and cGAS-STING signaling pathways

Fish viruses threaten the aquaculture industry, causing substantial economic losses. The innate immune response is pivotal in combating viral infections, and the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and cGAS-STING signaling pathways are key components of this defense system. Research progress has illuminated the evasion strategies employed by fish viruses to circumvent these signaling pathways. Viral proteins can directly target and inhibit the activation of RLRs or cGAS-STING, impairing their ability to recognize viral components. Additionally, viruses can influence downstream molecules to suppress the activation of antiviral immune responses. This review summarizes the research progress about fish virus-mediated immune evasions to host responses, including the RLRs and cGAS-STING pathways. Understanding these evasion mechanisms is crucial for comprehending the dynamics of fish-virus interactions and has practical implications for improving effective antiviral strategies in aquaculture. Additional investigations are necessary to unravel the intricate mechanisms of how fish viruses evade RLRs and cGAS-STING signaling pathways, ultimately leading to improved disease management and prevention in the aquaculture industry.