Crosstalk between histone modification and DNA methylation orchestrates the epigenetic regulation of the costimulatory factors, Tim‑3 and galectin‑9, in cervical cancer

Persistent infection with high‑risk human papillomavirus is known to cause cervical cancer. The binding of the costimulatory factors, Tim‑3 and galectin‑9, can cause immune tolerance and lead to immune escape during carcinogenesis. Epigenetic regulation is essential for Tim‑3/galectin‑9 expression, which affects the outcome of local cervical cancer infection. Hence, exploring the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of costimulatory signaling by Tim‑3/galectin‑9 is of great interest for investigating the mechanisms through which these proteins are regulated in cervical cancer tumorigenesis. In this study, we report that E2F‑1 and FOXM1 mediated by HPV18 E6 and E7 can enhance the transcriptional activity of Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) by binding to its promoter region, resulting in the induced expression of the EZH2‑specific target protein, H3K27me3, which consequently reduces the expression of the downstream target gene, DNA (cytosine‑5)‑methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A). EZH2 and H3K27me3 directly interact with the DNMT3A promoter region to negatively regulate its expression in HeLa cells. Moreover, the downregulated DNMT3A and the decreased methylation levels in HAVCR2/LGALS9 promoter regions in HeLa cells promoted the expression of Tim‑3/galectin‑9. Furthermore, the high expression of Tim‑3/galectin‑9 was associated with HPV positivity among patients with cervical cancer. Moreover, HAVCR2/LGALS9 promoter regions were hypermethylated in normal cervical tissues, and this hypermethylated status inhibited gene expression. On the whole, these findings suggest that EZH2, H3K27me3 and DNMT3A mediate the epigenetic regulation of the negative stimulatory molecules, Tim‑3 and galectin‑9 in cervical cancer which is associated with HPV18 infection.