Meta‐Analysis: Global Prevalence of Coeliac Disease in Type 1 Diabetes

ABSTRACT Background Coeliac disease (CD) is common in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), but prevalence varies globally due to differing screening protocols. There have been substantial changes in screening guidelines over the past two decades. Aim To evaluate CD prevalence in patients with T1D, focusing on screening studies using antitissue transglutaminase (anti‐tTG) antibody. Methods We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus for studies published up to 11 December 2023 using keywords related to CD and diabetes. We used random‐effects models for overall prevalence and all subgroups, with heterogeneity assessed using Cochran's Q test and the I 2 statistic performed in STATA 18. Results We included 106 articles involving 65,102 T1D patients across 40 countries. The pooled CD seroprevalence and confirmed CD prevalence were 9% (95% confidence interval, CI, 8%–10%) and 6% (95% CI 5%–7%), respectively. The prevalence was higher in females and children. Denmark, Saudi Arabia and Libya exhibited the highest prevalence (11%), followed by India and Egypt (10%). Belgium, France, Germany, South Africa and the United States had the lowest prevalence (2%). High‐income countries showed significantly a lower CD prevalence than middle‐income countries ( p = 0.03). Meta‐regression based on the Human Development Index (HDI) indicated that countries with higher HDI have lower seroprevalence and confirmed CD prevalence. Conclusion Approximately 1 in 16 patients globally and 1 in 12 patients in Asia and the Middle East with T1D has CD. We suggest that all patients with T1D should be screened for CD.