级联
制冷剂
锅炉(水暖)
温室气体
化石燃料
环境科学
阶段(地层学)
石油工程
工作(物理)
工艺工程
天然气
废物管理
核工程
环境工程
工程类
热交换器
机械工程
化学工程
地质学
古生物学
海洋学
作者
Joaquín Navarro-Esbrí,Adrián Fernández-Moreno,Adrián Mota-Babiloni
出处
期刊:Energy
[Elsevier]
日期:2022-09-01
卷期号:254: 124308-124308
被引量:20
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.energy.2022.124308
摘要
High-Temperature Heat Pump (HTHP) is becoming a feasible technology for decarbonization, being proposed as an alternative to fossil fuel boilers in several industrial, commercial, and urban applications. This work presents a semi-empirical assessment of a two-stage cascade cycle for HTHP applications to produce hot water up to 150 °C from a water flow at 35 °C and 25 °C. This work uses experimental results of two single-stage heat pump prototypes (R-1234ze(E) and R-1336mzz(Z)) with different temperature lifts as baseline inputs. The energy performance of the proposed two stage cascade HTHP is evaluated through a semi-empirical model, including several novel mixtures for both stages. Up to 14% of COP increase was reached respect to the baseline when using R-152a/600 (0.08/0.92) and R-1233zd(E)/161 (0.88/0.12) for the low stage and high stage, respectively. The VHC increases 30% with the selected combinations, but the discharge temperature also rises. Direct CO2e emissions were negligible by using low GWP refrigerants. The country proposed for the two-stage cascade HTHP greatly influences greenhouse gas indirect CO2e emissions. It is estimated that in countries carbon emission factor lower than 0.35 kgCO2e kWh−1 the mixtures selected would reduce the emissions compared to fossil fuel boilers for the same heating capacity.
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