Nature-inspired CaCO3 loading TiO2 composites for efficient and durable photocatalytic mineralization of gaseous toluene

The accumulation of intermediates or final products on TiO2 during photocatalytic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) degradation is typically neglected, despite the fact that it could result in the block of active sites and the deactivation of photocatalysts. Inspired from the natural formation of stalactite (CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 ↔ Ca(HCO3)2), we fabricated CaCO3 loading TiO2 composites (CCT21) to realize the spontaneously transfer of accumulated final products (CO2 and H2O). Efficient and durable performance for gaseous toluene removal has been demonstrated and the cost of photocatalyst is greatly reduced by the comparison of specific activity. The introduction of CaCO3 induces the interaction between TiO2 and CaCO3 to stimulate abundant activated electrons for the improvement on the adsorption and activation of reactants and the transformation of photogenerated carriers, and most importantly, facilitates the transfer of final products to release active sites and thus suppress the deactivation of TiO2. Furthermore, we develop a facile method to immobilize CCT21 powder on flexible support, which greatly reduces the loss of photocatalysts and correspondingly enables the practical application of TiO2-based products. Therefore, this work presents a novel nature-inspired strategy to address the challenge of deactivation, and advances the development of photocatalytic technology for environmental remediation.