Does the Lens Deflection Angle Affect Laparoscopic Camera Navigation?

In laparoscopic surgery, a 30° lens is frequently used to obtain a wider field of view. However, it is difficult for inexperienced surgeons to maintain the horizontal state of the image in laparoscopic camera navigation (LCN). If there is a great deviation in the camera's horizontal axis, it may result in ambiguous anatomical recognition, which could impair patient safety. Scientific assessment of the degree of camera's horizontal axis deflection in camera holders with differing proficiencies is necessary for improving novice surgeons' fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery. This study aims to develop an evaluation and training system based on the deflection angle (refers to the change in the angle of the camera axis from its preset vertical position) and assess its potential value in the training and clinical application of laparoscopic surgery.