Omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acids: a review of current scientific evidence of sources, metabolism, benefits, recommended intake, and edible safety

Omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acids (ω-9 MUFAs) are a group of unsaturated fatty acids with a unique double bond in the 9th position at the end of the methyl group terminal, having the same double bond location but different carbon chain lengths. Although knowledge about ω-9 MUFAs is constantly being updated, problems with its integration remain in the field. The review summarizes the natural sources, biosynthesis, and catabolic properties of ω-9 MUFAs, emphasizing their positive effects on health functions as well as the active intermediates produced during their metabolic processes. Subsequently, the gap between the actual consumption and recommended intake of ω-9 MUFAs in our daily diet was calculated, and their food safety and potential challenges were discussed. Finally, the outlook of potential future applications and possible research trends are presented. The review aims to promote the rational consumption of ω-9 MUFAs, provide references for their application as functional foods and clinical auxiliary special medical foods, and propose more ideas and possibilities for future scientific research.