The fate of germ cells in cryptorchid testis

生殖细胞 生殖细胞 不育 男性不育 生殖细胞肿瘤 生物 睾丸生殖细胞瘤 男科 精原细胞瘤 内分泌学 医学 内科学 睾丸癌 癌症 怀孕 遗传学 化疗 基因
作者
Jørgen Thorup,Simone Hildorf,Andrea E. Hildorf,Jonas M. Baastrup,Linn Salto Mamsen,Claus Yding Andersen,Tina Elisabeth Olsen,Dina Cortes
出处
期刊:Frontiers in Endocrinology [Frontiers Media SA]
卷期号:14 被引量:4
标识
DOI:10.3389/fendo.2023.1305428
摘要

Cryptorchidism in males constitutes a notable risk factor for both infertility and testicular cancer. Infertility in adulthood is closely linked to the germ cell status in childhood. Furthermore, the significance of germ cell status is important as more than 95% of all reported testicular malignancies are germ cell tumors. The review aims to elucidate the pathogenesis of germ cells in cryptorchid testes concerning their association with infertility and testicular malignancies. Impaired germ cell numbers are evident in cryptorchid testes even during antenatal and neonatal stages. In cryptorchidism there is a rapid decline in germ cell number within the first year of life, partially attributed to physiologic gonocyte apoptosis. Additionally, germ cells fail to differentiate normally during mini-puberty leading to reduced germ cell proliferation and delayed clearance of gonocytes from the seminiferous epithelium. Absence of germ cells in testicular biopsies occurs already 10 months of age and germ cell deterioration progressively worsens with approximately 50% of persisting cryptorchid testes lacking germ cells during puberty. The deficient germ cell maturation and proliferation leads to later infertility. Elevated temperature in the cryptorchid testes and also hormonal deficiency contribute to this phenomenon. Germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) originating during fetal development may manifest in rare cases associated with disorders of sexual development, chromosomal abnormalities in boys, specific syndromes, and teratomas that include cryptorchidism. In adults, the presence of GCNIS predominantly represents a new histology pattern before invasive germ cell cancer is demonstrated and is neither congenital nor related to abnormal gonocyte transformation.
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