O-glycosylation of the transcription factor SPATULA promotes style development in Arabidopsis

Abstract O -linked β- N -acetylglucosamine ( O -GlcNAc) and O -fucose are two sugar-based post-translational modifications whose mechanistic role in plant signalling and transcriptional regulation is still largely unknown. Here we investigated how two O -glycosyltransferase enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana , SPINDLY (SPY) and SECRET AGENT (SEC), promote the activity of the basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor SPATULA (SPT) during morphogenesis of the plant female reproductive organ apex, the style. SPY and SEC modify amino-terminal residues of SPT in vivo and in vitro by attaching O -fucose and O -GlcNAc, respectively. This post-translational regulation does not impact SPT homo- and heterodimerization events, although it enhances the affinity of SPT for the kinase PINOID gene locus and its transcriptional repression. Our findings offer a mechanistic example of the effect of O -GlcNAc and O -fucose on the activity of a plant transcription factor and reveal previously unrecognized roles for SEC and SPY in orchestrating style elongation and shape.