Effects of gravity on ontogeny in animals.

This brief review leads to the following conclusions: (i) Inversion or clinostat rotation of frogs' eggs demonstrated a critical period of enhanced gravity-sensitivity prior to the first cleavage. These results were corroborated by centrifugation studies which localized the period of maximal sensitivity at approximately 20 minutes post-fertilization. (ii) Eggs of various invertebrates suspended in aqueous solution proved capable of normal development following brief ultracentrifugation. (iii) Among fly larvae, grasshopper nymphs, turtles, mice, rats and chickens, growth rates were inversely related to G-force and maximal chronic acceleration tolerated was inversely related to body size. (iv) Body composition data demonstrated the importance of separately evaluating fat and the fat-free portion of the body in studies of the effect of acceleration on growth in homeotherms. (v) The attempt to evaluate the effect of weightlessness on development of frogs' eggs in Biosatellite 2 was inconclusive for technical reasons.