Part I: Few-Cycle Pulse Generation: Theory and Experiments.- Solid-State Materials for Few-Cycle Pulse Generation and Amplification.- Few-Cycle Pulses Directly from the Laser.- Few-Cycle Pulses by External Compression.- Parametric Amplification and Phase Control of Few-Cycle Light Pulses.- Part II: Characterization of Ultrashort Laser Pulses: Measuring Ultrashort Pulses in the Single-Cycle Regime.- Characterization of Ultrashort Pulses in the Few-Cycle Regime Using Spectral Phase Interferometry for Direct Electric Field Reconstruction.- Part III: Applications: Optical Frequency-Comb Generation and High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy.- Carrier-Envelope Phase Stabilization of Single and Multiple Femtosecond Lasers.- Sub-Femtosecond XUV-Pulses: Attosecond Metrology and Spectroscopy.- Resonant Non-Perturbative Extreme Nonlinear Optics with Two-Cycle Pulses.- Dynamics of the Photoexcited Hydrated Electron.- Subject Index.