Exploring various Integration Methods of carbon quantum dots in CsPbCl3 perovskite solar cells for enhanced power conversion efficiency

Abstract In this study, we explore the integration of carbon quantum dots (QDs) in cesium lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) across the electron transport layer (ETL), hole transport layer (HTL), and the perovskite absorber to enhance power conversion efficiency (PCE). We conduct a comprehensive investigation from thin film analysis to complete device characterization, encompassing eight different device topologies. Our results reveal that the integration of QDs in various layers significantly impacts the performance of the PSCs. Notably, adding QDs in the HTL and ETL improves charge transport and reduces recombination, enhancing device efficiency. Furthermore, introducing QDs in the perovskite layer leads to modifications in the energy landscape, reducing charge trapping and enhancing stability. We observe a trade-off between short-circuit current and overall PCE, with different QD integration strategies yielding distinct performance outcomes. Additionally, incorporating QDs in the ETL layer reduces hysteresis, attributed to mitigated ion migration and charge-trapping effects. Overall, the addition of QDs in these layers demonstrates improved charge transport, reduced recombination, and enhanced stability, ultimately contributing to the enhanced performance and efficiency of perovskite solar cells, reaching 22.5%. This study paves the way for future investigations into the potential of QDs in PSC technology and their impact on device forecasting and operational stability.