The association between conditioned pain modulation and psychological factors in people with chronic spinal pain: A systematic review

Chronic spinal pain has negative effects on physical and mental well-being. Psychological factors can influence pain tolerance. However, whether these factors influence descending modulatory control mechanisms measured by conditioned pain modulation (CPM) in people with chronic spinal pain is unclear. This systematic review investigated the association between CPM response and psychological factors in people with chronic spinal pain. Published and unpublished literature databases were searched from inception to 23rd October 2023 included MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PubMed. Studies assessing the association between CPM response and psychological factors in people with chronic spinal pain were eligible. Data were pooled through meta-analysis. Methodological quality was assessed using the AXIS tool and the certainty of evidence measured through GRADE. From 2172 records, seven studies ( n = 598) were eligible. Quality of included studies was moderate. There was very low certainty of evidence that depression ( r = 0.01 [95% CI −0.10 to 0.12], I 2 = 0%), and anxiety ( r = −0.20 [95% CI −0.56 to 0.16], I 2 = 84%), fear avoidance ( r = −0.10 [95% CI −0.30 to 0.10], I 2 = 70%) had no statistical associations with CPM responder status. Higher pain catastrophising was associated with CPM non-responder status (r = −0.19; 95% CI: −0.37 to −0.02; n = 545; I2: 76%) based on a very low certainty of evidence measured by GRADE. There is currently limited available evidence demonstrating an association between CPM response and psychological factors for people with chronic pain. Managing an individual’s chronic pain symptoms irrespective of comorbid psychological distress, should continue until evidence offer insights that more targeted interventions are needed.