水文地质学
含水层
水力压裂
非常规油
地下水
石油工程
地质学
天然气
天然气田
致密气
钻探
萃取(化学)
定向钻
化石燃料
采出水
采矿工程
环境科学
岩土工程
工程类
油页岩
废物管理
古生物学
化学
机械工程
色谱法
作者
Richard E. Jackson,Anthony W. Gorody,Bernhard Mayer,James W. Roy,M. Cathryn Ryan,Dale R. Van Stempvoort
出处
期刊:Ground Water
[Wiley]
日期:2013-06-07
卷期号:51 (4): 488-510
被引量:282
摘要
Abstract Unconventional natural gas extraction from tight sandstones, shales, and some coal‐beds is typically accomplished by horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing that is necessary for economic development of these new hydrocarbon resources. Concerns have been raised regarding the potential for contamination of shallow groundwater by stray gases, formation waters, and fracturing chemicals associated with unconventional gas exploration. A lack of sound scientific hydrogeological field observations and a scarcity of published peer‐reviewed articles on the effects of both conventional and unconventional oil and gas activities on shallow groundwater make it difficult to address these issues. Here, we discuss several case studies related to both conventional and unconventional oil and gas activities illustrating how under some circumstances stray or fugitive gas from deep gas‐rich formations has migrated from the subsurface into shallow aquifers and how it has affected groundwater quality. Examples include impacts of uncemented well annuli in areas of historic drilling operations, effects related to poor cement bonding in both new and old hydrocarbon wells, and ineffective cementing practices. We also summarize studies describing how structural features influence the role of natural and induced fractures as contaminant fluid migration pathways. On the basis of these studies, we identify two areas where field‐focused research is urgently needed to fill current science gaps related to unconventional gas extraction: (1) baseline geochemical mapping (with time series sampling from a sufficient network of groundwater monitoring wells) and (2) field testing of potential mechanisms and pathways by which hydrocarbon gases, reservoir fluids, and fracturing chemicals might potentially invade and contaminate useable groundwater.
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