In situtransmission electron microscopy investigation of the structural changes in carbon nanotubes during electron emission at high currents

The structural changes in carbon nanotubes under electron emission conditions were investigated in situ in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The measurements were performed on individually mounted free-standing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). It was found that the structure of the carbon nanotubes did not change gradually, as is the case with field emission electron sources made of sharp metal tips. Instead, changes occurred only above a current level of a few microamperes, which was different for each nanotube. Above the threshold current, carbon nanotubes underwent either structural damage, such as shortening and splitting of the apex of the nanotube, or closing of their open cap. The results are discussed on the basis of several models for degradation mechanisms.