Vapor-phase glutaraldehyde crosslinked waste protein-based nanofiber nonwovens as an environmentally friendly wound dressing

Vapor-phase glutaraldehyde crosslinking was used to improve the performance of feather keratin/gelatin (FK/Ge) nanofiber nonwovens for potential use as wound dressings. Crosslinking was performed by placing the electrospun nonwovens in a glutaraldehyde vapor for different times (1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, and 9 h). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed strong interactions between FK and Ge, and verified the crosslinking of FK/Ge molecular chains by glutaraldehyde. Fibers in the crosslinked nonwovens formed a compact and porous structure that promotes cell proliferation and growth. Further, a proper extent of crosslinking reaction can effectively improve the mechanical strength and water resistance of FK/Ge nanofiber nonwovens, while maintaining their water uptake and thermal degradation properties within an acceptable range. These improvements are attributed to the flexible control over the degree of vapor-phase crosslinking. In vitro tests demonstrated that the crosslinked samples not only lack cytotoxicity but also promote the rapid proliferation of human foreskin fibroblasts. These new crosslinked nanofiber nonwovens derived from waste materials are promising for wound repair and care. • Feather keratin and gelatin were electrospun into a nanofiber nonwoven. • The nonwoven was crosslinked by glutaraldehyde vapor for different durations. • Crosslinking resulted in low dissolubility, high strength, and compact structure. • Low cytotoxicity and high cell proliferation were found for crosslinked nonwovens. • The crosslinked nonwoven may be used in wound dressing applications.