The pulmonary effects of nickel-containing nanoparticles: Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and their underlying mechanisms

This review summarized the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects of Ni-containing NPs on humans, lung cells in vitro , and rodent lungs in vivo , and the underlying mechanisms. Their extra-pulmonary effects were also briefly mentioned.