Review of Underwater In Situ Voltammetry Analyzers for Trace Metals

This review is a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in underwater in situ heavy metal voltammetric analyzers (UIHVAs). It explores various types of in situ voltammetric analyzers, including the voltammetric in situ profiling system, submersible integrated multi-channel trace metal sensing probes, vibrating gold microwire electrode voltammetric analyzers, and electrochemical analyzers designed for on-site flow measurements. It also covers electrochemical sensors based on flexible liquid crystal polymers, deep-sea mercury sensors, and other in situ electrochemical analyzers. This review systematically examines the research and development progress of microelectrode arrays, screen-printed, carbon, bismuth, antimony, and lab-on-a-chip electrodes. The final section looks at key trends in the research and development of voltammetric analyzers, highlighting the exploration of novel working electrodes, the integration of smart monitoring and data analysis technologies, and the promotion of interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation. From a global perspective, in situ heavy metal voltammetric analysis technology has demonstrated significant applicability in various fields, such as environmental monitoring, marine science, and biogeochemistry. This technology holds considerable potential for further development. However, extensive research and continuous improvement are required to improve detection performance. We are convinced that with continued technological advances and dedicated research efforts, these challenges can be overcome and will pave the way for the widespread application of UIHVAs.