3D interconnected N-doped graphene architecture encapsulated with oxygen-deficient TiO2 nanotube array: synergism of oxygen vacancy and carbon materials on enhanced sulfur conversion and catalytic activity of TiO2 nanotube array in Li–S batteries

3D TiO 2 nanowire with oxygen vacancy in N-doped graphene aerogel (OVTNW/NGA) enhances Li–S batteries. This heterostructure improves cyclability, rate efficiency, and areal capacity. Defect engineering boosts adsorption and catalysis, promising improved Li–S batteries.