Age-Related Differences in the Clinical Features and Management of Pituitary Apoplexy: a Cohort Study

Pituitary apoplexy (PA) is a rare and acute condition resulting from hemorrhage or infarction of the pituitary gland. This study aimed to assess clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of PA in patients aged <65 and ≥65 years using data from a Spanish multicenter cohort. We conducted a retrospective, multicenter study (2010-2023) of 301 PA patients from 18 Spanish hospitals. Data were analyzed for differences in demographics, clinical presentation, treatment approach, and outcomes. Patients aged ≥65 years (n=116, 38.5%) had more comorbidities, compared to younger patients (n=185, 61.5%). No significant differences were observed in clinical presentation, including Pituitary Apoplexy Score and radiological findings except for higher frequency of cranial nerve palsy (46.2 vs. 64.9%; p=0.02) in older patients. Surgical (n=209), and conservative (n=92) treatment rates were similar between groups (conservative: 29.9 younger vs. 32.8% older; p=0.51). Histopathological analysis revealed more necrosis in patients aged ≥65 years (66.7 vs. 80.6%; p = 0.04). Surgical resection rates and outcomes including mortality were comparable across age groups. PA management and outcomes were comparable in younger and older patients, despite greater comorbidities and more severe symptoms in older individuals. Histopathological findings suggest potential age-related differences in tumor biology, warranting further research. MRI would be preferred for diagnosis, particularly in older patients, as ischemic necrotic PA may be undiagnosed without advanced imaging.