Bioreactors for engineering patient-specific tissue grafts

组织工程 生物加工 生物反应器 生物医学工程 商业化 生化工程 再生(生物学) 再生医学 计算机科学 医学 工程类 生物技术 生物 干细胞 细胞生物学 植物 法学 政治学
作者
Naboneeta Sarkar,Sarindr Bhumiratana,Liesbet Geris,Ioannis Papantoniou,Warren L. Grayson
标识
DOI:10.1038/s44222-023-00036-6
摘要

Bioreactors have the potential to advance the clinical application of cell-based therapies. Cell expansion bioreactors have been used commercially for therapeutic applications; however, bioreactor-based engineering of 3D tissue grafts remains challenging owing to the complexity of tissue architectures, cellular heterogeneity and the lack of non-invasive, tissue-specific biomarkers with which to assess graft viability and maturation. Consequently, only a few bioreactor-based start-up companies that engineer patient-specific tissue grafts have emerged. In this Review, we discuss patient-specific bioreactors that can be used to engineer skin, small-diameter arteries and musculoskeletal tissues. We evaluate the impact of precision manufacturing, including 3D bioprinting, automation and non-invasive sensing, on optimizing the biological, chemical and physical parameters of the bioreactors that are required for specific tissue regeneration. We discuss the commercially available tissue-engineering bioreactors and the potential of digital twins and automation, and we outline the scientific and regulatory pathways that must be followed to enable the translation of tissue-specificbioreactors to the clinic. Bioreactors enable the cultivation of mammalian cells in a closely monitored and controlled microenvironment. This Review discusses bioreactor technologies and closed-loop set-ups for producing patient-specific engineered-tissue grafts, including skin, small-diameter arteries and musculoskeletal tissues, with a particular focus on commercialization and regulatory considerations.
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