Anti-infective immune functions of type IV interferon in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): a novel antibacterial and antiviral interferon in lower vertebrates

Type IV interferon (IFN-υ) is a recently discovered cytokine crucial for host defense against viral infections. However, the role and mechanisms of IFN-υ in bacterial infections remain unexplored. This study investigated the antibacterial and antiviral functions and mechanisms of grass carp (