Exploring the Neuroinflammatory Pathway in Epilepsy and Cognitive Impairment: Role of HMGB1 and Translational Challenges

Neuroinflammation has emerged as a shared molecular mechanism in epilepsy and cognitive impairment, offering new insights into the complex interplay between immune responses and brain function.Evidence reveals involvement of High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in blood-brain barrier disruption and correlations with epilepsy severity and drug resistance.While anti-inflammatory treatments show promise, translating these discoveries faces challenges in elucidating mechanisms and developing reliable biomarkers.However, strategically targeting neuroinflammation and HMGB1-mediated inflammation holds therapeutic potential.This review synthesises knowledge on HMGB1 and related biomarkers in epilepsy and cognitive impairment to shape future research and treatments targeting these intricate inflammatory processes.