Central nervous system neurons labeled following the injection of pseudorabies virus into the rat prostate gland

The ProstateVolume 44, Issue 3 p. 240-247 Central nervous system neurons labeled following the injection of pseudorabies virus into the rat prostate gland Dirk-Henrik Zermann, Corresponding Author Dirk-Henrik Zermann [email protected] Neurourology Unit, Department of Urology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado, and Department of Urology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, GermanyDepartment of Urology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07740 Jena, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorManabu Ishigooka, Manabu Ishigooka Neurourology Unit, Department of Urology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado, and Department of Urology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorRagi Doggweiler, Ragi Doggweiler Neurourology Unit, Department of Urology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado, and Department of Urology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorJörg Schubert, Jörg Schubert Neurourology Unit, Department of Urology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado, and Department of Urology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorRichard A. Schmidt, Richard A. Schmidt Neurourology Unit, Department of Urology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado, and Department of Urology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, GermanySearch for more papers by this author Dirk-Henrik Zermann, Corresponding Author Dirk-Henrik Zermann [email protected] Neurourology Unit, Department of Urology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado, and Department of Urology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, GermanyDepartment of Urology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07740 Jena, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorManabu Ishigooka, Manabu Ishigooka Neurourology Unit, Department of Urology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado, and Department of Urology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorRagi Doggweiler, Ragi Doggweiler Neurourology Unit, Department of Urology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado, and Department of Urology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorJörg Schubert, Jörg Schubert Neurourology Unit, Department of Urology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado, and Department of Urology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorRichard A. Schmidt, Richard A. Schmidt Neurourology Unit, Department of Urology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado, and Department of Urology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, GermanySearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 July 2000 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0045(20000801)44:3<240::AID-PROS9>3.0.CO;2-9Citations: 14AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract BACKGROUND The human prostate gland plays an important role in male fertility and is involved in different functional pathologies of the male lower urinary tract (LUT). The role of the prostate in these medical disorders is mainly unknown. Traditional surgical therapeutic attempts often fail to help these patients. For years, the clinical sciences have been stagnating due to a lack of basic science knowledge. Investigations into neuroanatomy and neurophysiology are urgently needed. Therefore, the neuroanatomy of the prostate gland in an experimental setup was explored. Recent progress in neuroscience methodology allows a transneuronal tracing by using a self-amplifying virus tracer, pseudorabies virus (PRV). METHODS Sixty-two individual adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for retrograde transneuronal mapping of the spinal cord and brain stem after PRV-injection and control experiments. A PRV-tracer (5 μl, 1 × 108 pfu/ml) was injected into the prostate gland. After a survival time of 72, 96, or 120 hr, the animals were sacrificed. Brain and spinal cord were harvested via a dorsal laminectomy. After cutting on a freezing microtome, the tissue was immunostained for PRV. RESULTS PRV-positive cells were found within the sacral (S1–S2) and the thoracolumbar (T13–L2) spinal cord. At the supraspinal level, positive cells were found within the following regions: nucleus raphe, lateral reticular formation, nucleus gigantocellularis, A5 noradrenergic cell region, locus coeruleus, pontine micturition center, hypothalamus, medial preoptic region, and periaquaductal gray. CONCLUSIONS This is the first investigation on the central innervation of the prostate gland showing a broad central representation of neurons involved in the control of the prostate gland. It is obvious, comparing data from the literature, that there is a broad overlap in the innervation of pelvic visceral organs (bladder, rectum, and urethra). The appreciation of these neuroanatomical circumstances allows a growing understanding of common urological pathologies within the pelvis (pelvic pain, lower urinary tract, and bowel dysfunction). Prostate 44:240–247, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. REFERENCES 1Abrams P. Detrusor instability: concept, clinical association and treatment. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1984; 87: 7–12. 2Zermann DH, Ishigooka M, Doggweiler R, Schmidt RA. Neurourological insights into the etiology of genitourinary pain in men. J Urol 1999; 161: 903–908. 3Nadelhaft I, Vera PL, Card JP, Miselis RR. Central nervous system neurons labelled following the injection of pseudorabies virus into the rat urinary bladder. Neurosci Lett 1992; 143: 271–274. 4Nadelhaft I, Vera PL. Central nervous system neurons infected by pseudorabies virus injected into the rat urinary bladder following unilateral transection of the pelvic nerve. J Comp Neurol 1995; 359: 443–456. 5Zermann DH, Ishigooka M, Doggweiler R, Schmidt RA. Central innervation of the lower urinary tract—a neuroanatomy study. World J Urol 1998; 16: 417–422. 6Vizzard MA, Erickson VL, Card JP, Roppolo JR, deGroat WC. Transneuronal labeling of neurons in the adult rat brainstem and spinal cord after injection of pseudorabies virus into the urethra. J Comp Neurol 1995; 355: 629–640. 7Nadelhaft I, Vera PL. Neurons in the rat brain stem and spinal cord labeled after pseudorabies virus injected into the external urethral sphincter. J Comp Neurol 1996; 375: 502–517. 8Farrel JI, Lyman Y. A study of the secretory nerves of and the action of certain drugs on the prostate gland. Am J Physiol 1937; 118: 64–69. 9Ochiai T. The effect of drugs affecting autonomic nervous system upon the secretion of the prostate gland. Jpn J Urol 1953; 44: 487–490. 10Raz S, Caine M, Ziegler M. Pharmacological receptors in the prostate. Br J Urol 1973; 45: 663–667. 11Vaalasti A, Hervonen A. Autonomic innervation of the human prostate. Invest Urol 1980; 17: 293–297. 12Bruschini H, Schmidt RA, Tanagho EA. Neurologic control of prostatic secretion in the dog. Invest Urol 1978; 15: 288–290. 13Hoyle CHV, Lincoln J, Burnstock G. Neural control of pelvic organs. In: DN Rushton, editor. Handbook of neuro-urology. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1994. p 1–54. 14Chapple CR, Crowe R, Gilpin SA, Gosling J, Burnstock G. The innervation of the human prostate gland—the changes associated with benign enlargement. J Urol 1991; 146: 1637–1644. 15Card JP, Rinaman L, Schwaber LS, Miselis RR, Whealy ME, Robbins AK, Enquist LW. Neurotropic properties of pseudorabies virus: uptake and transneuronal passage in the rat central nervous system. J Neurosci 1990; 10: 1974–1994. 16Jansen ASP, Farwell DG, Loewy AD. Specifity of pseudorabies virus as a retrograde marker of sympathetic preganglionic neurons: implications for transneuronal labeling studies. Brain Res 1993; 617: 103–112. 17Kuypers HG, Ugolini G. Viruses as transneuronal tracers. Trends Neurosci 1990; 13: 71–75. 18Loewy AD. Pseudorabies virus: a transneuronal tracer for neuroanatomical studies. In: MG Kaplitt, AD Loewy, editors. Viral vectors, gene therapy and neuroscience applications. San Diego: Academic Press; 1995. p 349–366. 19 NIH. Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories. Health and Human Services publication 88-8395. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 1988. 20Strack AM, Loewy AD. Pseudorabies virus: a highly specific transneuronal cell body marker in the sympathetic nervous system. J Neurosci 1990; 10: 2139–2147. 21Rinaman L, Card JP, Enquist LW. Spatiotemporal responses of astrocytes, ramified microglia, and brain macrophages to central infection with pseudorabies virus. J Neurosci 1993; 13: 685–702. 22Nadelhaft I, Booth AM. The location and morphology of preganglionic neurons and the distribution of visceral afferents from the rat pelvic nerve: a horseradish peroxidase study. J Comp Neurol 1984; 226: 238–245. 23Nadelhaft I, McKenna KE. Sexual dimorphism in sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the rat hypogastric nerve. J Comp Neurol 1987; 256: 308–315. 24Marson L, McKenna KE. CNS cell groups involved in the control of the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles: a transneuronal tracing study using pseudorabies virus. J Comp Neurol 1996; 74: 161–179. 25Benarroch EE. The central autonomic network: functional organization, dysfunction and perspective. Mayo Clin Proc 1993; 68: 988–1001. 26Swanson LW. The hypothalamus. In: A Björklund, T Höfkelt, LW Swanson, editors. Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy. Volume 5: integrated systems of the CNS, part 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1987. p 1–125. Citing Literature Volume44, Issue31 August 2000Pages 240-247 ReferencesRelatedInformation