Membranes in Extracorporeal Blood Oxygenation Technology

The development and implementation of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) technique for the treatment of patients in critical conditions make it possible to effectively and safely support gas exchange processes in the blood for a long time. One of the main components of the ECMO unit is a gas permeable membrane which is a barrier separating the blood from the gas phase. Since the 1950s, the development of this technology has been aimed at improving the safety and duration of use of membranes, which led to the creation of oxygenators that provide life support for several weeks. This review is devoted to the development of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation technology including the choice of materials, methods to improve their hemocompatibility, and approaches to the design of the membrane contactor.