Applications of Bioactive Ions in Bone Regeneration.

The repair of large bone defects remains a huge challenge for bone regenerative medicine. To meet this challenge, a number of bone substitutes have been developed over recent years to overcome the drawbacks of traditional autograft and allograft therapies. Thus, the improvement of the osteoinductive ability of these substitutes has become a major focus for research in the field of bone tissue engineering. It has been reported that some metallic ions play an important role in bone metabolism in the human body, and that bone repair could be enhanced by incorporating these ions into bone substitutes. Moreover, it is well documented that ions released from these substitutes such as magnesium, zinc, and strontium can increase the osteogenic and angiogenic properties of bone repair scaffolds. However, the mechanisms of action of these ions on cellular bioactivity are currently unclear. Therefore, in the present article, we highlight the recent use of bioactive ions in bone tissue engineering and discuss the effects of these ions on osteogenesis and neovascularisation.