Analyzing the Influence of Urban Forms on Surface Urban Heat Islands in Europe

城市气候 城市热岛 土地覆盖 自然地理学 城市气候学 城市形态 市区 仰角(弹道) 解释力 地理 人口 城市密度 城市规划 土地利用 环境科学 气候学 气象学 地质学 数学 生态学 几何学 人口学 哲学 认识论 社会学 生物
作者
Nina Schwarz,Ameur M. Manceur
出处
期刊:Journal of urban planning and development [American Society of Civil Engineers]
卷期号:141 (3) 被引量:107
标识
DOI:10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000263
摘要

Problem: Remotely sensed land surface temperatures help exploring the surface urban heat island. Measures to mitigate the urban heat island include increasing green urban areas and altering the form of cities. Research is needed to explore the impacts of urban form on the surface urban heat island. Research strategy: Data on land surface temperatures for summer 2001 and land cover are combined with meteorological, demographic, and topographic data for European urban regions, delineated as larger urban zones. To ensure a comprehensive view, three ways of quantifying surface urban heat island are calculated and stratified for morning and evening, and climate zones. Linear models reveal the relative influence of the four factors: (1) composition (e.g., share of different land covers in the urban region), (2) configuration (e.g., spatial arrangement), (3) location (e.g., distance to coast or elevation), and (4) population. Findings: The explanatory power (i.e., adj. R-sq) of the models varies strongly among the different ways to quantify the surface urban heat island and time of day. Rather specific combinations of explanatory variables were found to be relevant in explaining the variation in the different ways of quantifying surface urban heat islands. Compact urban form increases the surface urban heat island measured in one way, but was not a significant predictor for other ways of quantification. Increasing the share of built-up area and forest both increase the surface urban heat island. More built-up areas increased the mean temperature in the region, whereas more forest unsurprisingly decreased the overall temperature. The three ways of quantifying the surface urban heat island were correlated at r<0.5, and their variation was explained by different variables implying that they carry different information about the surface urban heat island effect. Takeaway for practice: Considerable attention needs to be paid to the aims of spatial planning, because mitigating the surface urban heat island might lead to measures that are actually increasing mean temperatures.
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