Unleashing the power of bio-adsorbents: Efficient heavy metal removal for sustainable water purification

Water is elixir for life, and civilizations cannot exist without the availability of clean water. However, clean water sources are facing escalating threats from industrialization, climate change, and pollution, particularly in third-world countries and rapidly developing nations. This review article explores the urgent challenges facing water quality due to rapid industrialization, climate change, and pollution. It specifically addresses the pressing need for the effective removal of toxic heavy metals from water sources to safeguard both environmental health and human well-being. Highlighting the limitations of currently available methods and techniques, the review explores the promising potential of biowaste-derived adsorbents as a sustainable solution to clean heavy-metal contaminated water. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of factors such as adsorption capacity, and environmental impact as well as cost-effectiveness, in assessing the suitability of such alternatives. The review further examines the synthesis, mechanism of adsorption, properties, and effectiveness of various bio-adsorbents, including those derived from microbes, agricultural and animal waste, providing insights into their application in heavy metal removal. Additionally, it discusses regeneration techniques and the integration of bio-adsorbents into existing wastewater treatment systems, contributing to ongoing efforts towards comprehensive water remediation strategies. Overall, this article aims to offer a holistic understanding of the challenges and opportunities in heavy metal water remediation, guiding future research and practical applications towards a sustainable and cleaner environment.