Multi-stage infrared detectors

Abstract This paper provides a comprehensive review of multi-stage infrared detectors, including interband cascade infrared photodetectors (ICIPs) and quantum cascade detectors (QCDs). These detectors exhibit low dark current, high detectivity, and high 3dB bandwidth positioning them as promising candidates in infrared (IR) detector technology. The review covers the history of multi-stage infrared detectors, the corresponding device physics, materials systems, DC and RF performance, and recent advancements. Additionally, a comparative analysis of ICIPs and QCDs is provided, along with discussions on optimization strategies. This review is intended to be a valuable resource for researchers and engineers in the field of IR detector technology, offering a detailed insight into the most advanced multi-stage infrared detector technology and providing guidance for future development.